Amônia
(Não necessariamente nessa posição - e sem esse tracinho)
Ácido cianídrico
b) 1000mg – 100%
1,5mg
– X
X = 0,15%
3.C10H14N2
4.C10H3 + 7 O2à 10 CO + 4 H2O
sábado, 27 de abril de 2013
Projeto Minas -
Inconfidência Mineira X Conjuração Baiana
Ao longo do século XVIII, observamos o desenvolvimento de diversas situações de conflito envolvendo os colonos brasileiros e a administração metropolitana. Nessa época, a ampliação dos impostos, o rigor da fiscalização decorrente da exploração aurífera e a decadência do açúcar foram alguns dos motivos que cercaram a ocorrência dessas revoltas. Para alguns, isso indica o desenvolvimento de um processo que contribuiu para o processo de independência brasileiro.
Mesmo parecendo plausível, devemos assinalar que o reconhecimento de um processo se torna um tanto quanto complicado ao analisarmos a natureza e as diferenças que marcaram cada uma dessas rebeliões coloniais. Entre outros casos, podemos notar que a contraposição entre a Inconfidência Mineira de 1789 e a Conjuração Baiana de 1798 oferece ricos dados na compreensão dessas diferenças que vão contra a ideia de um processo em desenvolvimento.
Assim como a grande parte de nossas revoltas coloniais, as revoltas, mineira e baiana, foram alimentadas por membros da elite insatisfeitos com a ação metropolitana em cada uma dessas regiões. No caso de Minas, os mineradores de Vila Rica e outros membros da elite mostravam-se insatisfeitos com a política fiscal e a cobrança da derrama. Por outro lado, a cidade de Salvador era palco de uma grave crise econômica que se arrastava desde a crise do açúcar e a transferência da capital para o Rio de Janeiro.
Além disso, devemos notar que os participantes dessas mesmas revoltas estiveram diretamente influenciados pela ideologia iluminista. Mais uma vez, notamos o caráter elitista de tais movimentos, os quais eram sustentados por uma elite letrada e, em alguns casos, instruída nas universidades europeias. Sendo assim, observamos que a origem social, análoga a esses movimentos, viria a empreender a busca por objetivos próximos em cada um deles.
No entanto, a despeito de um projeto de nação independente, vemos que a Conjuração Baiana e a Inconfidência Mineira não se separaram apenas por um hiato temporal. A falta de comunicação entre os centros de colonização e a ausência de um sentimento nacional anula qualquer possibilidade de se considerar que tais revoltosos se sentiam integrantes de uma nação que merecia a sua independência. Na maioria dos casos, a autonomia era projetada em esfera local.
Entre tantas proximidades, vemos que a questão da escravidão acabou sendo o ponto que veio a estabelecer uma diferença entre essas duas revoltas. No caso mineiro, a limitação do movimento às discussões de uma elite enriquecida acabou fazendo com que a escravidão não entrasse em sua pauta, já que o fim desta prejudicaria boa parte dos inconfidentes. No caso baiano, a divulgação de panfletos acabou disseminando a causa emancipacionista entre setores populares e favoráveis à abolição.
Assim que a Conjuração Baiana ganhava contornos mais radicais e populares, os líderes intelectuais da causa acabaram se afastando do movimento. Talvez, assim como os inconfidentes mineiros, eles temiam os efeitos de uma revolta emancipacionista conduzida pelas camadas menos favorecidas da população. Por fim, vemos que a revolta baiana se diferenciou da conspiração mineira assim que os agentes sociais de cada acontecimento se diferiram em suas origens e interesses.
Por Rainer Sousa
Mestre em História
Equipe Brasil Escola
ATIVIDADE NO CADERNO
1) Depois de ler o texto acima elabore uma tabela estabelecendo semelhanças e diferenças entre as revoltas.
2)Ler o texto “ O Mito dos Heróis Bandeirantes”. Página 328 e responda o exercício da página 331.
3)Ler “Conjuração Mineira” e “Conjuração Baiana’ páginas 430,431 e 432 e responder o exercícios nº 1 páginas 439 e 440.
BOA ATIVIDADE!!
3-Pay
attention to the questions / be clear and objective on your answers.
4-Respostas rasuradas serão anuladas.
Good Luck!
o
Part One - Language
I-Using the words in parentheses, complete
the text below with the appropriate tenses: present perfect simple or
continuous.
(0.5/0.05
each)
Parte superior do
formulário
Robin: I think the
waiter (forget) 1has forgotten
us. We (wait) 2 have been waitinghere
for over half an hour and nobody (take)3
has taken our
order yet.
Michele: I think you're right. He (walk)4 has walked by us at least twenty times. He probably
thinks we (order, already) 5 have already ordered
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only)6 have only been. here for five
or ten minutes and they already have their food.
Michele: He must realize we (order, not) 7 haven’t ordered yet! We (sit)8 have been sitting here for over half an hour staring at him.
Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even) 9 hasn’t even noticed us. He (run)10 has been running from table
to table taking orders and serving food.
Michele: That's true, he’s been extremely busy!
II- Match the sentences.
1 We have visited England
2 We have been visiting England
(0.6/ 0.1 each)
( 1 )six times.
( 2 )since we started learning English.
1 Why is the table in such a mess?
2 Have something to eat. Here you are.
( 2 ) I've made a salad.
( 1 ) I've been making a salad.
1 Someone has eaten our toasts.
2 Someone has been eating our toasts.
( 2 )There is
only one toast left.
( 1 )They are all
gone.
1 Paul has gone
2 Paul has been going
( 2 )out with Charlene for a couple of months.
( 1 )to Paris for a few days.
1 How long
2 How many times
( 1 ) have you been trying to contact me?
( 2 )have you tried to contact me?
1 What have you been doing?
2 What have you done?
( 1 )Your face is so red.
( 2 )Have you sent emailed him?
III-Complete the sentences below with either
the simple
or continuous form of present perfect. (0.5/ 0.05 each)
Parte superior do
formulário
1.
Heidi
is a writer. You ask her:
a. How many books have you
written (write)?
b. How long…have you been
writing ...(write)?
2.
Bill is
waiting for you. You ask him:
How long …have you been
waiting…(wait)?
3.
You see
Ken playing tennis. You ask him:
a. How many games …have you
played...(play)?
b. How long ……have you been
playing……(play) tennis?
c. Ken ……has been playing
….tennis since he was 5 years old.
4.
Jill is
learning Spanish. You ask her:
How long ………have you been
learning…….(learn) Spanish?
5.
Jeff is
eating chocolate.
a. He …has eaten…(eat)
6 chocolate bars so far today.
b. He……has been eaten……..(eat)
chocolate all morning.
6.
John is
an actor.
He ……has been…..(be)
in eight movies.
V-Write sentences
using the prompts below to express something that always happens. (Zero
Conditional) (0.5/ 0.1 each)
1.my daughter / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick
If my daughter eats too much chocolate she gets sick
2.ice / float / you / drop / it / in water
If you drop ice in water it floats
3.if / no / rain / the grass / not / grow
If there is no rain the grass doesn’t grow
4.iron / rust / it / get / wet
Iron rusts if it gets wet
5.you / not / eat / you / die
If you don’t eat you die
VI- Read the statements below about our future in the
next 50 years. Will it happen?What
are the chances from 0% to 100%? Express possibilities and predictions
about each one of them using the expressions and structures we learned in class
this term. (1.0/ 0.1 each)
·The USA is
overtaken by China in the field of scientific research.
·A digital currency
is universally accepted all over the world.
·People can touch
one another through their phones.
·You can upload the
contents of your brain to a computer.
·The territory of
the Moon is claimed by China.
·Tracking
technology is embedded in the bodies of more than 50% of world’s population.
·A world government
is in power.
·You can log on
directly from your brain.
·Robots have the
right of paid vacations and one day off per week.
VI- Use the
expressions below and write sentences expressing predictions for the future of our
planet using if clause structure we worked in class this term. Try
to use as many expressions as possible. First conditional (2.0 / 0.4 each)
VII-
Complete the sentences below. Think of what alwayshappens in
each situation. (0.5/ 0.1 each)
1-If I don’t study for my tests, my mum
....................................... ..............................................................................................
2-I usually get furious if my classmates
...........................................
..............................................................................................
3-If it rains hard in São Paulo, the traffic
........................................
4-I’m not allowed to hang out with my friends if
..............................
..............................................................................................
5-If I use my mobile in class, my teachers
.......................................
..............................................................................................
VIII-Choose the correct future form. (1.0/0.1 each)
1.Next week on Thursday my
friend Marcus 1._________
a party to celebrate his twenty-first birthday.
A
has B will have C is havingD
will having
2.Please look at the timetable
for me. What time 2.____
the next train leave for Manchester.
A
has B doesC is D will
3.You are carrying too many
books. Don't worry. 3.______
some of them for you.
A
I carry B I'll carryC
I'm carrying D I'm carry
4.It is very cloudy and also
very cold. I think later it 4.______________
.
A
snows B is snowing C is going to snowD will snowing
5.I'm sorry I can't come to your
party next Saturday at six. I'm afraid I 6.________ bowling with a friend.
A
go B will go C am go D am going
6.Last night I decided. Next
weekend, I 7.______________
Edinburgh for three days. Now I just need to buy a ticket.
A
go B will go C going D am going to
go
7.Tomorrow morning (like every
morning) the first lesson at International House Bristol 8.______ at nine o'clock.
A startsB is starting C will starting D
will start
8.I'm sorry I was late for your
lesson today. I promise that I 9.______
late again.
A
am never late B am never being C will never beD is never be
9.Yesterday Naty and lsa decided
to go to London together. They 11.___
Bristol tomorrow morning but they don't know the time of the train yet.
A
leave B are going to leave C will leaveD
will leaving
10.Next month Eminem 12.________ a concert in
Bristol. I have two tickets for the show on Saturday the 11th at 7.30. Do you
want to come along?
A
does B will do C will does D is doing
Part Two – Reading
Text 1
The Body Shop: Businesses
Can and Should Protect the Earth
When people think about environmental activism, they probably don't think about
hand lotion and lip-gloss. But The Body Shop, a multi-million dollar cosmetics
company, has shown the world how a company can help consumers look good, smell
good, and do good at the same time. The Body Shop sells natural products,
recycles its packaging, and actively fights to protect the environment. But
when Anita Roddick, The Body Shop's founder, opened her tiny cosmetics shop in
Brighton, England, in 1976, she had no idea that it would grow into an
enormously successful business and a symbol of social responsibility.
In 1976, Roddick had to find a way to take care of her two small children. So
she opened a small cosmetics store to make some money. She sold a handful of
natural products in inexpensive recyclable containers. Roddick asked her
customers to bring back their empty containers for refills rather than throw them
away. This recycling not only kept costs down, but also was environmentally
sound. The Body Shop quickly became popular and stores opened all over England.
When it went public in 1984, Roddick realized that her company not only had the
power to protect the environment, but also had a responsibility to do so. The
company continued to make and sell natural products and to recycle containers,
but it also went a step further. The Body Shop devoted itself to social and
environmental change.
As a result, the company got involved in many environmental causes. For
example, during the Greenpeace "Save the Whales" campaign, the
company introduced a new product, jojoba oil, which could be used in place of
sperm whale oil. The Body Shop was also involved in the "Stop the
Burn" campaign to save Brazilian rainforests, the Friends of the Earth
effort to stop acid rain pollution, and the Greenpeace effort to stop toxic
waste dumping in the North Sea. And recently, the company's head offices and
more than one hundred of its stores started using renewable energy, such as
solar and wind power, to cut down on the production of harmful carbon dioxide.
Many of The Body Shop's customers feel good knowing that the money they spend
for a bottle of shampoo or a tube of hand cream might be used for a good cause.
Over the years, Roddick has seen the positive impact that one company's actions
can have on the environment. In 1992, she helped to form Business for Social
Responsibility. The organization tries to encourage companies to manufacture
products in an environmentally safe way and to use their influence to educate
consumers about the environment. Maybe other business owners will follow
Roddick's lead and use their power and influence to protect the environment
while making a dollar—or a million.
Parte superior do
formulário
Parte inferior do
formulário
Reading Comprehension
Answer questions about what you read. (0.6/0.1 each)
1_____, The Body Shop became committed to social
change.
When it went
public
Before
it went public
Sometime before
1984
2 The Body Shop worked with Greenpeace _____.
to save
rainforests and stop acid rain pollution
to save whales
and use renewable energy
to save whales and stop toxic waste dumping
3 The Body Shop sells _____.
recycled
packages
environmental
protection
natural cosmetics
4 Business for Social Responsibility _____.
encourages
companies to make millions of dollars
encourages
environmentally sound manufacturing
encourages
consumers to be environmentally responsible
5 Anita Roddick opened her first store _____.
to start an
environmentally sound business
to
support her two young children
to be a symbol
of social responsibility
6 The Body Shop's head offices and many of its stores
Don't it always seem to go
that you don't know what you've got ’till it's gone. They paved paradise and
they put up a parking lot.
Joni Mitchell – Big Yellow
Taxi
Facts about the state of
the global environment read like quotes on a poster for an epic Hollywood movie
– expanding deserts in Africa, huge forest fires in Indonesia, serious
shortages of fish in Europe, thousands of deaths from air pollution in Brazil,
disappearing forests in the Amazon, melting ice-caps and increasing radiation
levels in the polar regions. But just as there is no evil Lex Luther or Ernst
Blofeld responsible for these disasters, there is no Superman or James Bond to
save the world. The human race has caused these problems and we are going to
have to work together to solve them.
However, many people feel
that the governments of countries around the world are not taking environmental
issues seriously enough. To allow the voices of concerned people to be heard, a
large number of protest groups have been set up by ordinary people to raise
awareness of the issues, and to put pressure on politicians to act before it is
too late. A few of the organisations have become household names, particularly
Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace. Two smaller groups, Surfers Against
Sewage and Reclaim The Streets, are less well known, but take
themselves just as seriously.
Surfers Against Sewage
(SAS)
Surfers Against Sewage was
founded in 1990 by water sports enthusiasts, who were becoming more and more
concerned about the health risks they faced when using beaches in Cornwall in
the UK. Human and toxic waste pumped into the sea was causing serious
illnesses, and beach goers felt that they were “playing Russian Roulette with
their health” every time they went into the water.
SAS alerted people to the
problem by going to public events with their surfboards, where they handed out
leaflets wearing wetsuits and gasmasks. They soon attracted the attention of
the media and other concerned water users from around Britain and were able to
put pressure on the government to ban dumping untreated waste in the sea, rivers
and lakes. The group was so successful that in 1998, only 8 years after they
started campaigning, the government agreed to spend 8.5 billion pounds on
cleaning up Britain‟s aquatic environment.
Surfers Against Sewage has
acquired a cool image over the years. In 1999 the director of The Beach, a
Hollywood blockbuster starring Leonardo Di Caprio, wanted to use the SAS logo
on actors‟ backpacks. SAS refused permission however, because they were
concerned about the environmental damage that making the film had caused to the
tiny tropical island of Phi Phi in Thailand.
Reclaim The Streets (RTS)
Reclaim The Streets was
started in London in 1991 to campaign “FOR walking, cycling and cheap, or free,
public transport, and AGAINST cars, roads and the system that pushes them.” RTS
began by protesting against road building through unspoilt areas of the British
countryside, and now have expanded their activities to draw attention to
environmental, political, economic and social injustice around the world.
RTS campaigns by stopping
traffic and turning roads and motorways into huge street parties. Members of
the group dig up tarmac and plant trees, make beaches and paddling pools for
children to play in, decorate the street with colourful banners, and give out free
food and drink. A huge sound system is set up, bands, jugglers and clowns
perform, and hundreds or even thousands of people dance and party. The carnival
is usually broken up by the police after a few hours, and in the past some of
the demonstrations have been marred by violence between police and protesters.
RTS doesn‟t have any clear
aims, and says that it is a „disorganisation‟ rather than an organisation,
since there is no one in charge, but the methods that the group uses have
caught on, and are now used worldwide. As the RTS website says, “The Reclaim
The Streets idea has grown up and left home, street parties and suchlike often
happen without anyone in RTS London hearing about them until afterwards.”
Protest and the Internet
Both
SAS and RTS have extensive websites providing information about their
activities, and providing links to like-minded groups around the world. It
seems that nowadays the Internet is helping more and more people express their
dissatisfaction with the status quo, and work together to find solutions to the
problems that the modern world faces
a. someone who
is very interested in and involved with a particular activity or subject ( 3 )
b. waste water
and waste from toilets ( 7 )
c. to organize
a series of activities to try to achieve something ( 2 )
d. (an example
of) lack of fairness and lack of justice ( 4 )
e. to get
something back from someone ( 8 )
f. a long piece
of cloth, often stretched between poles, with words or a sign written on it ( 1 )
g. an important
subject or problem that people are discussing ( 5 )
h. when people
show that they disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting,
carrying signs ( 6 )
True or False (0.8/0.1
each)
Read the
statements below and decide if they are true or false.
1. Surfers Against Sewage members like playing with guns. ( F )
2. Reclaim The Streets started in Cornwall. ( F )
3. The people who started Surfers Against Sewage like water sports.( T )
4. RTS demonstrations are always peaceful. ( F )
5. The SAS organization has been very successful. ( T )
6. Reclaim The Streets is against road building. ( T )
7. The SAS logo appeared in the film "The Beach". ( F )
8. RTS events sometimes attract thousands of people. ( T )
Text
3
1.Read the text and choose the best answer.
(0.8/0.1 each)
Animals and plants are becoming extinct day by day at a greater (1)
................. than ever before. People are cutting down forests and this
(2) ................. to dramatic changes in the climate.
There should be more (3) ................. to work for conservation. In
order to protect species in danger, people should examine wild places carefully
and (4) ................. the animals and plants. Another aspect of
conservation is to increase the number of laws which (5) ................. the
extinction of endangered species. There should also be more programmes for
reproduction. This may lead to the (6) ................. of national parks and
protected areas. Today, there are internationally (7) .................
wildlife protection areas worldwide. Another precaution may be to (8)
................. the threats of extinction by educating people. We shouldn’t
forget that the problem of endangered species is global and we should leave a
better world to our children.
1- a) amount
b) rate c)
proportion d) grade
2- a)
leads b) guides c) show d) influences
3- a) arrangement b) federations c) organizations d) companies
4- a)
identify b) pick up c) distinguish d) find out
5- a) forbid
b) discourage c) ban d) prevent
6- a) invention b) establishment c)
institution d) organization
7- a) recalled b) allowed c)
discovered d) recognized
8- a) publicize b) promote
c) report d) announce
2.Complete using the correct form of the
words in the box.
(1.0/ 0.1 each)
Nowadays, more and more people are becoming aware of
the (1) DANGEROUS situation threatening their environment and gaining consciousness
about it. At last, we have started to take precautions for the world’s natural
(2)
SOURCES which are
decreasing day by day. The most important step taken is re-using materials – in
other words, recycling. It has become more (3) IMPORTANT that we reduce
waste which pollutes the environment. Recycling paper has been the biggest (4)
SUCCESS . Paper can be
used six times over, then be burnt for the (5) PRODUCTION of energy. Plastic
is the hardest material to recycle because there are (6) VARIOUS kinds which need to
be treated (7) DIFFERENTLY . Metal is another material. The production of an
aluminium can is more difficult than (8) RECYCLING it. Glass can be used again in a (9)
MIX/MIXTURE of asphalt
and cement to pave streets. As a result, we should think for a while before we
throw things away as they may still be (10) USED/REUSED/USEFUL .
DANGER SOURCE IMPORTANCE SUCCEED PRODUCE
VARY DIFFERENCE CYCLE
MIX USE
Text 4
Pesticides stop bees learning (29th March, 2013)
Scientists
have found that pesticides harm the ability of bees to find food. Bees must
learn which flowers contain nectar (their food) from the smell of the flowers.
If the bees do not learn which scents mean food, they will starve. Researchers
at the University of Dundee in Scotland and Newcastle University in England
found that pesticides used by farmers and gardeners can switch off the part of
a bee's brain that is responsible for associating smells with food. Lead
researcher Dr Geraldine Wright said pesticides could seriously impact the
survival of honeybee colonies. She said, "bees that cannot learn will not
be able to find food". This also means bees will not pollinate crops and
wild plants.
Bee
populations around the world have been declining. Scientists have searched for
a long time for a reason why so many bees are disappearing. This new research
may be an important clue. However, the British government does not want to stop
the use of the pesticides that may prevent bees from learning. It wants to
carry out more tests to make sure pesticides are the real reason for the
reduction in the number of bees. A spokeswoman from the Friends Of The Earth
charity said the government must act sooner rather than later. "Bee health
is far too urgent to wait until more research has been completed. [Controls]
should be placed on these pesticides until bee safety can be
[guaranteed]," she said.
Read the text and write 4 sentences expressing
prediction for the future about this issue using if clauses (first conditional)
from the point of view of: (1.0/ 0.25 each)
An
environmentalist…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
A
pesticide company owner……………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A
government representative…………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
A
bee …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
